Class 10 Seba History Chapter 2

RISE OF GANDHI AND THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT OF INDIA

1. When was Mahatma Gandhi born?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was born at Porbandar in Gujarat on October 2, 1869.

2. In which country did Gandhi first apply the technique of Satyagraha?

Answer: Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in South Africa.

3. Why did Rabindranath Tagore renounce his Knighthood?

Answer: Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.

4. Under whose leadership was the Khilafat movement started in India?

Answer: The Khilafat movement was started in India under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali.

5. When did the Chauri-Chaura incident take place?

Answer: The Chauri-Chaura incident took place on February 5, 1922.

6. Under what circumstances did Lala Lajpat Rai lose his life?

Answer: Lala Lajpat Rai lost his life when he was 'lathi-charged by the British for leading a protest against the Simon Commission at Lahore.

7. When and in which session of the Indian National Congress was Purna Swaraj declared to be the chief goal of the Indians?

Answer: In 1929, the Lahore session of the Congress under the Presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru declared Complete Independence as the chief goal of the Indians.

8. Gandhi started on his Salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to the sea coast at Dandi.What was the distance between Sabarmati Ashram and the sea - coast at Dandi?

Answer: The distance between Sabarmati Ashram and the sea -coast at Dandi was 385 km.

9. Who was known as Frontier Gandhi?

Answer: Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was known as Frontier Gandhi.

10. Who was the sole Congress representative at the Second Round Table Conference in London?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was the sole Congress representative at the Second Round Table

Conference in London.

11. Name the British Prime Minister who announced the Communal Award in 1932?

Answer: Ramsay Macdonald was the British Prime Minister who announced the Communal Award in 1932.

12. During the course of which movement did Gandhi give the slogan “Do or Die”?

Answer: During the course of the Quit India Movement Gandhi give the slogan "Do or Die”.

13. Who was the founder of the Azad Hind Fauz?

Answer: The founder of Azad Hind Fauz was Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

14. “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”. This famous quote is attributed to which Indian

leader?

 Answer: “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”. This famous quote is attributed to Netaji. 

LONG ANSWERS

1. What do you understand by the term Satyagraha ? Briefly write about the three local disputes where Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in India?

Ans: The word Satyagraha is a compound of two separate words, Satya and Agraha. Its root meaning is holding on the truth. 

Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in India at Champaran (North Bihar), in Kheda (Gujarat) and in Ahmedabad during 1917-18. In champaran, he took up the cause of peasants against land lords, in Kheda that of farmers against collection of land revenue when their crops failed and in Ahmedabad that of the mill workers against the owners. In each of the cases, the strategy was Satyagraha and the principles were truth and non-violence. 

2. Why was the Khilafat movement started in India?

Ans: To bring to an end the first world war, the influence of the Khalifar was greatly reduced. The Muslims regarded the Sultan of Yurkey as their Spiritual head. They become upset when they found that he would retain no control over his empire's holy places. The Muslims in India become apprehensive of the fate Khalifa and formed a Khilafat Committe under the Leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali. Its object was the restoration of the Sultan of Turkey as Khalifa of Islam. 

3. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the Non-Cooperation movement of 1920-22 ? What were its programmes ? What made Gandhi to suspend the movement ? 

The Non-Cooperation movement had begun because of three major factors-- The Rowlatt Act, the geneocide at Jallianwalabagh and the problems concerning Turkey. This movement started in 1920 and lasted through 1922 supported all along by the Indian National Congress. The principles and programmes of the Non-cooperation movement against the British India Government was accepted in the meeting of the Central January 1920.

The  programmes of the Non Cooperation Movement had two aspects – positive and negative. The former included the promotion of Swadeshi, particularly the revival of hand spinning and weaving, removal of untouchability among the Hindus, prohibition of Hindu - Muslim unity, prohibition of the of alcoholic drinks etc. The negative side is usually referred to as the triple boycott of Legislatures, Courts and educational institutions, the nationalization of  education, the minor items of boycott included surrender of titles, honours etc.

To curb the movement, the government also taken some punitive measures, Being estranged at the police repression meted out to the people, the peasantry of Chouri - Chaura in Gorakhpur district of United Provinces set fire to the police outpost in 5 February 1922.

 As a result, nearly 18 to 22 policemen including zaminders and Daroga died of burning. When the movement took violent turn at Chauri-Chaura, Gandhi declared the suspension of Movement on 12 February 1922. 

4. What was the main aim of the Civil Disobedience Movement ? What were the main features of the movement ?

Ans: After the Non-cooperation Movement, the question of full and complete independence of the country was getting precedence in the minds of a section of the congress man. In December, 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the Lahore session of Indian National Congress. The Congress was taken the resolution for complete Independence

 as the chief goal of Indians. After two and half months, the Congress had launced the freedom movement. In the history of freedom struggle of India, this movement is called Civil disobedience Movement. It was formally started in March 1930. It was started with the breaking of the prevailing salt law in the country. 

Main features of the Civil Disobedience Movement were-

a.Deliberately breaking unjust laulws like

salt tax law. 

b) Boycott of foreign goods, foreign cloth

and liquore shops were picked.

a) Schools, colleges and government offices and institutions were boycotted. 

d) There was large scale arrest of people and leaders who participated in the Civil  Disobedience Movement. 

5. Under what circumstances was the Quit India Movement launched ? Do you consider the movement to be a milestone in India's struggle for independence ? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Ans: After the failure of the Cripps Mission, 

Gandhi decided to launch his third major movement against the British. Other factors which led to the quit India Monement was the fear of Japan attacking India, terror in East Bengal and the fact India had realised that the British could not defend the country anymore. Accordingly in August 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement on the basis of the resolution passed on 8  august 1942 in Bombay by the All India Congress Commitee declaring its demand for an imediate end of the British rule. 

Yes, the movement was considered to be a milestone in India's struggle for independence, because in August 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement immediately after the Cripps Mission. The nation was inspired by the Gandhi's Slogan of "Do or Die". The Movement was most widespread in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar, Bengal, Bombay , Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The Movement marked a new high in terms of participation of the masses in the nationalist struggle word for freedom. Students, women, peasants and workers played important roles. This historic movement placed the demand for independence in the immediate agenda of the national movement. After 'Quit India', there could be no retreat. Independence was no langer a matter of bargain, for any future negotiations with the British government could only be on the manner of transfer of power .

6. Write a brief note on the Indian  National Army. 

Ans: The role of the Indian National Army was conceived by captain Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British army Malaya who had to surrender to the Japanese in the Second world war. When in 1942, Indian Independence League was organized at Tokyo , Rash Behari Bose became its president and a decision was taken to rise the Indian National Army or Azad Hind Fauz. The Bangkok conference also invited Subhash Chandra Bose to Japan. Shortly after this arrival Rash Behari Bose designed from the presidency of the Indian Independence league in favour of Boss. 

In Singapore, on October 21, 1943 Subhas Chandra Bose formed THE 'Provisional Government of free India soil. The slogan of the INA was' Jai Hind'. It fought with the Japanese army against the British and commonwealth forces in the campaigns is Burma, Imphal and Kohima. Bose's famous quotes "Give me of blood and shall give you freedom" motivated his followers. However, the defeat of Japan and surrender in the war also led to the eventual surrender of INA.